Fairness aint Fair…
Recently I was travelling; sharing the berth with a family, father and son was sitting there. Suddenly at next stop a Foreigner (Caucasian) broads the train. Father and son were just chatting, as I was travelling alone the novel I was carrying started boring me, I started eavesdropping on their conversation, probably that was been destined as this duo was speaking a tongue in which imp familiar, as it is very rare you find in this part of India . I was aghast when that boy start asking questions like ‘ohh he is so fair’, ‘what a lucky man’. I was shock to hear the second line. ‘What a lucky man’, from where this stuff is coming and the more astonishing was he was just a 9 years old boy. From where the boy got such a crap. Are we Indian so much obsessed with the complexion?
The mother of question that need to be answered is from where did this boy at tender age of 9 (im assuming) got such an asinine idea relating being fair and being”LUCKY”. May be had overheard his mom chatting with someone, or what most plausible scenario is as our market and television ads are full of fairness product, from their he might have got this thought. As I remember an advertisement of Fair n Lovely a popular Indian fairness cream, protagonist is a darker complexion girl who fails in whatever she tries, she got no confidence, then comes her friend gives here this fairness cream. BOOM in four weeks her complexion changes, her body language changes, she starts excelling in life, may be this these are few absurd ads that brought this asinine boy to make the conclusion that fairness is directly proportional to the success.
Why to blame this little boy for wrong take from an ad film. We grownup too fall for similar stuff but in different manner, as a proof switch on the television in the morning, you will see the paid teleshopping ads. If we people won’t fall for such shitty ads then they might not afford to pay the channel for the ad time. I heard from my his friend bought the sauna slim belt, instead of getting rid on fat the belt helped him to get rid of his skin, he got burn marks. No point in labeling this juvenile boy as asinine. We took it for granted that whatever we see in boob tube to be true, this is just the marketing style and marketing is nothing but playing with human emotion. Next time travelling if i see a child asking his parents that ‘GOSH this person must be so lucky (successful) english is his mother tongue 
‘. If this is the case then European countries can’t be developed
My proposed explanation for from where this boy got the notion, instead of answering the raises many questions like fine this boy might had got the notion that fairness is related to success from ad films. But why we got the ad for fairness cream, you can see the difference that not long back a decade or two we got only one or two brand of fairness cream and now if you start counting you’ll come to know what the value of number infinite is. Why we Indian’s are so obsessed with the complexion don’t you think the complexion is just an external factor?
What I call is the reason behind this may be the Stockholm syndrome; we get attracted towards the captor. India was ruled by British for a long time. So I think that must be genesis of the obsession with complexion. If we might have been ruled by dark skinned people then in we might had the cream to reduce the complexion. If you think otherwise or have the answer to the question please do share.
Is Nuclear Energy Safe?
Answer to this can be both yes and no. In this world their is no correct answer for any thing, or correct stand. Only thing which is neutral is only neutron, but as a physicist would say neutrons are also not neutral, they too change their state from proton and neutron. The proper question would be did we need nuclear energy. This might be the right question.
From a nuclear engineer’s point of you, im allegedly is 
. Here im amidst the agitation going in the koodankulam nuclear plant, VVER russian based plant which is under construction, as a contract between Russian govt. joint stock ‘ATOMSTROYEXPORT’. From last 2 week i havnt went to plant due to agitation. Local activist and leaders should think about the need for the plant. As in country like india where energy deficit is increasing year on year, we need some alternative energy plant.
Fukushinma fueled the antinuclear lobbyist. Germans are going nuclear free. With fukushima and germany going nuclear free, all antinulcear groups want all nuclear plant to be shutdown in india too.
Stop talking this vapid talks and think rationally. We need nuclear power, we got no other option, Is it devils alternative. But as an nuclear engineer not the expert i had classroom training for more than a year I can tell atleast this that nuclear plants are becoming more and more safer as technology is changing rapidly, it is helping nuclear insustry too, for making a plant safer.
I will tell you about the nuclear plant safety in a low tech analogy. Consider the nuclear plant as a car, like brake is necessary for a car for stopping. Similarly in nuclear plant we need some posion(neutron eater) to make the plant subcritical, and coolant to cool the fuel.So as in car there are two brake one normal leg and other the handbrake which we rarely use to stop the car. In case of new plants like kudankulam u can say we got 4 independent brakes situated all round the car, individually sufficient to stop the car(reactor). So by this analogy you can think how safe the modern nuclear plants are.
One more analogy comparing the new plants and the plant which suffered a accident in japan, like we can say the fukushima plant was the beetle car of 1940s and the new plants which are coming are the beetle of 2011. Which car is more safe 1940s or 2011. People should think rationally as any cynic will argue that if someone had asked the head of fukushima plant a day afore the disaster that is your plant is safe, if tsunami struck the plant what will happwn his answer might be we are prepared. As murphy as said anything as to happen will happen.
The hoi polloi must only think about that did he need electrical power better standard of living. Then he need nuclear power as in India we dont have enough renewable energy option.So we need nuclear energy got no alternative. Hope our leaders will act more rationally and think about people not about their rivals viz if you are in not in power you have to oppose every statement of the ruling party except the bill to increase the allowance and pay.
Always remember the principle of JUSTIFICATION.
http://expertscolumn.com/content/nuclear-energy-safe
P.S suggestion and comments are encourage. if their is any wrong data orreference please bring it to authors notice.
Interface the Atmega 16/32 with the PC
There are many ways to interface your microcontroller to computer , the most easiest way is using serial port and MAX-232.In this tutorial is about how to interface a ATMEGA32 to your computer using serial port , max232 and programming the atmega32 using CodeVisionAVR.
INTRODUCTION:
ATMEGA32 is a 8-bit AVR microcontroller with 32K Bytes In-system Programmable Flash. In Atmega32pins pin no.14 and 15 are RxD and TxD resp. For basics of atmega32 click here
SERIAL PORT:
In computing, a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time.Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.
MAX232: As we know for serial port we require TIA/EIA-232-F voltage level i.e. it can accept ±30-V. MAX232 has a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels.
So, to interface the atmega32 to the computer we will be connecting atmega32 (pin no 14 & 15) to serial port via max232. We are using max232 because atmega32 works at TTL voltage level and for serial port we require other voltage level, max232 converts the TTL voltage level to the required voltage level.
Atmega32 will receive the signal from MAX232 and transmit to max232 which will be received by serial port. Do the following connections:
- connect pin no 2 (Tx) of serial port to Tx out of the MAX 232 IC (pin no 14)
- connect pin no 3 (Rx) of serial port to Rx in of the MAX 232 IC (pin no 13)
- connect pin no 14 (RxD) of Atmega to Rx out of MAX 232 IC (pin no 12)
- connect pin no 15 (TxD) of Atmega to Tx in of MAX 232 IC (pin no 11)
- Do other necessary connections like ground and Vcc.
PROGRAMMING:
- By selecting UART tab of the CodeWizardAVR , you can specify the UART configuration
- Specify the baud rate and communication parameter.
- Click on save, generate and exit.
- Write the code.
- Burn the program.
- Open the terminal in CodeVisionAVR TOOL—-à TERMINAL (shift + F5).
- Specify the baud rate and communication parameter.(ensure that you specify the same parameter which you have specify in step 2)
- In terminal you monitor the whole operation.
NOTE: instead of terminal of CodeVisionAVR you can use other software like DockLight.
It allows us to specify the following communication modes:
- Asynchronous
- Synchronous Master, with the UCSRC register’s UCPOL bit set to 0
- Synchronous Master, with the UCSRC register’s UCPOL bit set to 1
- Synchronous Slave, with the UCSRC register’s UCPOL bit set to 0
- Synchronous Slave, with the UCSRC register’s UCPOL bit set to 1
The serial communication is realized using the Standard Input/Output Function getchar , gets , scanf , putchar , puts and printf.
SAMPLE PROGRAM:
If we want to write program in which, when button ‘a’ on keyboard is pressed then all the LED connected to PORTA should be ON , when button ‘s’ is pressed all LED should be OFF.
#include <mega32.h>
#include <stdio.h> // Standard Input/Output functions
Void main()
{
DDRA=0xFF;
PORTA=0×00;
// USART initialization
// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity
// USART Receiver: On
// USART Transmitter: On
// USART Mode: Asynchronous
// USART Baud Rate: 9600
UCSRA=0×00;
UCSRB=0×18;
UCSRC=0×86;
UBRRH=0×00;
UBRRL=0×33;
while (1)
{
if (getchar() == ‘a’)
{
PORTA=0×11111111;
}
if (getchar() == ‘b’)
{
PORTA=0×00;
}
};
}
In this way you can interface your ATMEGA32 to your computer. In similar way you can control the motor (in semi-autonomous BOT).
u can also view this post @ http://expertscolumn.com/content/interface-atmega-1632-pc
………………….if you found this tutorial helpful or have any suggestions … do leave a comment.
Which is better.. PIC or AVR ?
Ways in which PICs are better than AVRs
Instruction set/architecture (for Assembler users)
PIC good : Small instruction set means you can literally learn it in a day. Skip instructions can often simplify flow-control.
AVR bad : highly nonorthogonal instruction set – many operations can only be done on certain registers. Relative branch range can force code to be arranged in a non-logical order. No immediate XOR instruction. Illogical mixture of skip and branch flow-control instructions (Now if only they’d made STATUS one of the registers you could do skips on….!).
Clocks etc.
PICs (12Fxxx etc.) have more accurate calibrated RC oscillators.
Watchdog wakeup from sleep continues after SLEEP instruction – on AVR it causes a reset, which can complicate things.
Interrupts
Interrupt latency is constant – if you set up a regular timer interrupt on a PIC, it will occur at exactly the same interval every time. On the AVR you will get at least one cycle jitter.
I/O and bit-twiddly things
I/Os are the same as other file registers, so operations other than bit set/clear operations take less work – bits can be toggled using XORWF, multiple bits can be set or cleared simultaneously using ANDWF or IORWF, and you can do neat tricks like using an output port as a shift-register for really fast pattern generation. The latter is not often useful, but does allow neat stuff like video generation.
Ways in which AVRs are better than PICs.
Instruction set/architecture
AVR good : Add with carry, and compare with carry simplify multiple precision arithmetic. Good range of conditional branches.
PIC bad : Unconventional mnemonic names.. Only one pointer for indirection. Inefficient lookup tables. No add/subtract with carry, small stack. Paged architecture becomes a real pain on larger projetcs, although the PIC18 architecture addresses (pun intended!) many of the issues.
Clocks etc.
Wider range of RC oscillator speeds. PLL high-frequency IO clock on some parts for high-speed captre etc.
More instructions per oscillator clock, but as most instructions take 2 cycles, and more instructions are often necessary for IO intensive tasks, this advantage is 2:1 at best. Most embedded apps are not especially throughput-dependent. Also, crystals and resonators get bigger and harder to get much below about 3MHz, so the speed advantage over a 4MHz PIC can often not be a major issue.
Watchdog can be turned off by software.
UART
TX and RX can be enabled seperately – useful for multi-processor comms on a common bus. High baudrates are possible from low clock frequencies.
Interrupts
Vectored interrupts are more efficient where there are multiple interrupt sources, and registers can be reserved for interrupt-only use to speed up context save for low latency.
I/O
Seperate PORT and PIN registers avoid read-modify-write issues with capacitively loaded pins. (Although has any AVR user never spent time wondering why their input port isn’t working because they used PORTx instead of PINx…? ).
If you’ve read the above, you’ll have realised that the answer is Neither of course, it all depends on what your requirements are, however that in almost all fields of enginering, there is simply no such thing as “Best”. The correct phrase is “Most appropriate for your application”
………………….if you found this tutorial helpful or have any suggestions … do leave a comment.
Basics of atmega16/32
OVERVIEW:
Atmega16/32 is atmel product. they are of megaAVR series , they have 16Kb and 32Kb Flash memory resp. like other AVR uc they are ISP(in system programmable ) i.e u can program it without taking it out of the system.
Features:
- 16/32 Kb In-System Self-Programmable Flash
- 1024 Bytes EEPROM
- Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
- One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
- Four PWM Channels
- Programmable Serial USART
- Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
- Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
- 32 Programmable I/O Lines
and many more…
PROGRAMMING:
As mentioned above it has 32 I/O lines that means it has 4 I/O ports(A,B,C,D).Every i/o port has 3 registers associated with each ports.These three registers are
- DDRx(data direction register)
- PINx
- PORTx
x -A,B,C,D
DDRx(DATA DIRECTION REGISTER ):
This register configures data direction of port pins , means by using this register microcontroller decides whether this port will be used as input port or output port. In 8051 if we will declare any port as FF it becomes input port but in atmega it is opposite if we declare FF it becomes output port .
e.g To make all pins of port D as input pins
DDRD=0b00000000
If we want to make first 4 pins of portc as input and remaining 4 as output then
DDRC=0b00001111
PINx register:
PIN(port IN) used to read data from port pins
e.g To read data from portA
DDRA=0b00000000
Y=PINA // data from port A will be stored in variable Y
PORTx register:
PORTx is used for two purpose-
- TO O/P DATA: when port is configured as output.when corresponding bits in DDR is set 1.
DDRA=0b11111111x=0b10101010PORTA=x // now content of port a will be AA - To activate or deactivate pull up registers: This when u configure a port as input port. In input mode , when pull up is enabled , defaulted as 1. So, even if you dont connect anything to the pin and if you try to read it , it will read as 1. Now , when you drive pin to zero , only then it will read as 0.
e.g
- To make portA as i/p with pull-up enableDDRA=0b00000000
PORTA=0b11111111
y=PINA
- To make portA as tri-stated i/p
DDRA=0b00000000
PORTA=0b00000000
Using this basic knowledge we can easily write a program(I/O) for atmega.
u can also view this post on
http://expertscolumn.com/content/basics-atmega1632
………………….if you found this tutorial helpful or have any suggestions … do leave a comment.
Programming atmega using USBasp
For burning a program in a AVR uc using usb port instead of parallel or serial then USBasp is the best option. For circuit diagram of USBasp click here. following are the procedure for burning the hex file
-
Install the avrdude (winavr) ,it can be downloaded from click here
-
Download USBasp driver ,you can download it from click here
-
Connect cable directly to USB port of computer .
-
Wait for windows information “New Hardware Found USBASP”. If device isnt detected, check the board for errors and reconnect again;
-
After device is detected Driver setup wizard opens. Select where USBASP driver is located. It is in directory you’ve downloaded with firmware. If you unpacked in D: drive, than driver should be in D:\usbasp.2006-12-29\bin\win-driver\ and press next:
-
there are many GUI available on net , using which u can burn the code , i think AVR8_Burn-O-Mat was the easiest one which can be downloaded from click here , dis GUI is self explanatory .
-
select the uc , specify the hex file
-
click on write , it will show msg flash successfully written.
-
click on verify to verify.
-
if got some error msg instead of flash succesfully written , these may be the reasons for the error
-
avrdude: error: could not find USB device “USBasp” with vid=0x16c0 pid=0x5dc , reason may be
“USBasp” is not Connect , check your connector or u haven’t installed the driver (install it) click here
2. avrdude: error: program enable: target doesn’t answer. 1 , reason for dis error
- Programmer isn’t connected with Target circuit
- ISP Connector is bad connection
- Target circuit power is OFF
3. avrdude: verification error , first mismatch at byte 0x002a0x31 != 0xb1 , reason is verify error so try again.
4 . if you got an error message “flash successfully written error while verifying flash” the reason for this error is the power supply , Vcc which you are providing is less than the specified value 5 – 4.5 V .
……..if you found this tutorial helpful or have any suggestions … do leave a comment.
be in present
Before the start of this season both Mr. Mallya and Mr. Mol were thinking of developing there team into a serious challenger to powerhouse Ferrari and McLaren . So, Mr. mallya ‘DON’T COUNT YOUR CHICKEN BEFORE THEY HATCH’. Performance of spyker team was better than the present team , they were scoring few points. Till now Force India has to open its account. Force India is only team this season with zero point. As six race to go lets hope for the best.
three race three driver
After Hamilton and Raikkonen winning the race , this time it was massa . The Englishman, who had dropped down to 10th from third on the grid after a bad start, ran into the back of the Spaniard’s Renault while trying to pass it on lap two.The incident knocked off Hamilton’s front wing, and he needed to pit for a new nose cone at the end of the lap.Two time champion Alonso has scored only 6 points till now. Force India to still open there account again gaincarlo failed to even score a single point. Before this race Hamilton was on the top of the leaderboard now he is on third position with (14) Raikkonen on top with 19 points .This is a clear sign that this year wont be ruled by a single driver.
me too is there…..
This would be the message from Kimi to Hamilton that this wouldn’t be a one sided season, Kimi Raikkonen’s win in Malaysia show that Lewis Hamilton is not going to have everything his own way this season. Hamilton was on second row but he was penalized by FIA for obstructing BMW Sauber’s Nick Heidfeld by driving slowly on racing line , both races were not good for Massa he hasn’t score any point till now. Malaysian G.P was better for Force India as compare to Australian as fisichella has finished 12, still to open account…..
…….FORCE INDIA…….
This is not the name of any new indian task force. This is the name first indian formula one team owned by vijay mallaya , famous for his parties and kingfisher calender. Millions of Indians, home and abroad, will cheer Force India’s gold, tungsten and white cars race past the chequered flag at Albert Park, judging by the media build up in the run up to its debut season.
Bankrolled by beer-to-airlines tycoon Vijay Mallya, this repackaged version of the Ferrari-powered former Spyker team is injecting patriotism to fire up India’s cricket-obsessed public in an unfamiliar sport.team has brought on experienced Italian driver Giancarlo Fisichella formerly a race winner with Renault. He will be partnered by Adrian Sutil, a 25-year-old German who did well for the uncompetitive Spyker in 2007, scoring a point in Japan. Both mallya and michiel mol is hoping to develop it into a serious challenger to powerhouses Ferrari and McLaren by 2010. Lets c on 16 at albert park …….
